自由之家《2009年世界自由度》
全球發表會將於台北舉行
Freedom House Global Release of
Freedom in the World 2009 Report in Taipei
January 13, 2009
Taipei, Taiwan
Agenda 議程
About Freedom House自由之家簡介
About Freedom in the World《世界自由度》簡介
由「自由之家」（Freedom House）主辦、財團法人臺灣民主基金會承辦的《2009年世界自由度》全球發表會（Global Release of Freedom in the World 2009）將於2009年1月13日在台北舉行，這將不僅是自由之家第一次於台灣發表報告，更是該組織第一次於亞洲地區舉行任何研究報告之發表會。
自由之家是美國著名的非政府組織，於1941年成立，透過研究分析、倡議及行動等方式，在全球致力於自由的推廣。《世界自由度》調查報告是自由之家從1972年起，每年發表的最重要的出版品，針對全球193個國家和16個附屬領土和爭議性領土的「政治權利」及「公民自由」程度進行評比分析，這份報告並且被政府決策者、學界、媒體、國際企業、公民運動者及捍衛人權人士用來監督世界各地民主趨勢和自由的進展與挫敗。
自由之家於1月7日發佈的採訪通知中指出，本次發表會將是自由之家首度在亞洲地區公布《世界自由度》的研究內容。自由之家表示，過去一年來，亞洲地區的情勢多變，且「自由」之理念在此地區遭受到相當嚴厲的挑戰，因此自由之家決定在此區發表《2009年世界自由度》。而之所以選擇台灣，除了台灣的地緣與經濟戰略位置外，更是因為台灣是亞洲地區民主發展最蓬勃的國家之一。
臺灣民主基金會林文程執行長表示，本會很榮幸能藉由承辦此發表會，進而深化台灣各界與自由之家彼此之間的交流與合作。林執行長說，臺灣民主基金會近年與自由之家數次接觸並相互拜訪後，自由之家於去年9月份向本會主動提出來台發表《2009年世界自由度》之構想，本會便開始全力籌備此活動，期望不僅強化本會與自由之家的夥伴關係，更凸顯重要國際人權組織對臺灣民主政治成果之肯定。
本次來台的自由之家代表包括自由之家研究部門主任Christopher Walker先生、自由之家學術顧問暨約翰•霍普金斯大學東南亞研究副教授Bridget Welsh博士以及自由之家亞洲事務研究員Sarah Cook女士等一行三人，除發表《2009年世界自由度》外，亦將拜會政府部門、民間團體及學術機構，就台灣的政治與公民自由做更深層的瞭解。
Internationally-renowned NGO Freedom House is holding the global release of their flagship publication, Freedom in the World, on January 13, 2009 inTaipei, Taiwan, hosted by the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy (TFD). This marks the first time that Freedom House launches such a report in Asia. Please see the attached January 7 media advisory from Freedom House headquarters in Washington, DC for further details.
TFD President Wen-cheng Lin stated, “It is a great honor for our foundation to be the host of this event, and we hope the visit of their delegation will enable deeper exchanges and cooperation between all sectors of Taiwanese society and Freedom House.” He further explained that, after many contacts and mutual visits between TFD and Freedom House in recent years, Freedom House proposed in September 2008 to hold the release event in Taipei. He concluded, “We have made our best efforts to make this a successful event, not only in the hopes of strengthening our partnership with Freedom House, but also out of pride that this leading international human rights organization places such importance on Taiwan’s democratic achievements.”
The Freedom House delegation to Taiwan is led by Director of Studies Christopher Walker, Academic Advisor and Johns Hopkins University Professor Bridget Welsh, and Asia Researcher Sarah Cook. During their stay in Taiwan, they will have a series of meetings with government agencies, political parties, NGOs, media, and academic experts to exchange views on Taiwan’s political and civil rights conditions.
Further information about the event and Freedom in the World is available on the websites of TFD (www.tfd.org.tw) and Freedom House (www.freedomhouse.org).
8:30 – 9:00 Registration
9:00 – 9:05 Welcome remarks
- Dr. Wen-cheng Lin, President, Taiwan Foundation for Democracy
9:05 – 9:40 Presentation of Freedom in the World 2009
- Mr. Christopher Walker, Director of Studies, Freedom House
- Dr. Bridget Welsh, Academic Advisor, Freedom House and Associate Professor of Southeast Asian Studies, JohnsHopkinsUniversity
- Ms. Sarah Cook, Asia Researcher, Freedom House
9:40 – 10:00 Q&A for the press
10:00 – 10:30 Tea Break
10:30 – 12:00 Panel discussion on “The State of Democracy in Asia”
Moderator: Dr. Wen-cheng Lin, President, Taiwan Foundation for Democracy
Presenters:
- Mr. Christopher Walker, Director of Studies, Freedom House
- Dr. Bridget Welsh, Professor of Southeast Asia Studies, School of Advanced International Studies, JohnHopkinsUniversity
- Ms. Sarah Cook, Asia Researcher, Freedom House
Discussants:
- Dr. Yun-han Chu, Professor of Political Science, NationalTaiwanUniversity and Principal Director of The Asian Barometer
- Dr. Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao, Executive Director of the Center for Asia-Pacific Area Studies and Research Fellow, Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica
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自由之家《2009年世界自由度》
全球發表會
2009年1月13日
臺北•臺灣
8:30 – 9:00 報到
9:00 – 9:05 歡迎致詞
林文程博士 / 臺灣民主基金會執行長
9:05 – 9:40 公布《2009年世界自由度》內容
- Christopher Walker先生 / 自由之家研究部門主任
- Bridget Welsh博士 / 自由之家學術顧問暨約翰•霍普金斯大學東南亞研究副教授
- Sarah Cook女士 /自由之家亞洲事務研究員Asia Researcher, Freedom House
9:40–10:00 媒體提問
10:00 – 10:30 茶敘
10:30 – 12:00 「亞洲民主現況」座談會
主持人：林文程博士 / 臺灣民主基金會執行長
主講人：
- Christopher Walker / 自由之家研究部門主任
- Bridget Welsh博士 / 自由之家學術顧問暨約翰•霍普金斯大學東南亞研究副教授
- Sarah Cook女士 /自由之家亞洲事務研究員Asia Researcher, Freedom House
與談人：
- 朱雲漢博士 / 國立台灣大學政治學系教授暨「亞洲民主動態調查」計畫主持人
- 蕭新煌博士 / 中央研究院社會學研究所研究員暨亞太區域研究專題中心執行長
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Freedom House is an independent private organization supporting the expansion of freedom throughout the world.
Freedom is possible only in democratic political systems in which governments are accountable to their own people, the rule of law prevails, and freedoms of expression, association, and belief are guaranteed. Working directly with courageous men and women around the world to support nonviolent civic initiatives in societies where freedom is threatened, Freedom House functions as a catalyst for change through its unique mix of analysis, advocacy, and action.
- Analysis.Freedom House’s rigorous research methodology has earned the organization a reputation as the leading source of information on the state of freedom around the globe. Since 1972, Freedom House has published Freedom in the World, an annual survey of political rights and civil liberties experienced in every country of the world. The survey is complemented by an annual review of press freedom, an analysis of transitions in the post-communist world, and other publications.
- Advocacy.Freedom House seeks to encourage American policymakers, as well as other governments and international institutions, to adopt policies that advance human rights and democracy around the world. Freedom House has been instrumental in the founding of the worldwide Community of Democracies, has actively campaigned for a reformed Human Rights Council at the United Nations, and presses the Millennium Challenge Corporation to adhere to high standards of eligibility for recipient countries.
- Action. Through exchanges, grants, and technical assistance, Freedom House provides training and support to human rights defenders, civil society organizations, and members of the media in order to strengthen indigenous reform efforts in countries around the globe.
Founded in 1941 by Eleanor Roosevelt, Wendell Willkie, and other Americans concerned with mounting threats to peace and democracy, Freedom House has long been a vigorous proponent of democratic values and a steadfast opponent of dictatorships of the far left and the far right. The organization’s diverse Board of Trustees is composed of a bipartisan mix of business and labor leaders, former senior government officials, scholars, and journalists who agree that the promotion of democracy and human rights abroad is vital to America’s interests abroad.
Website: www.freedomhouse.org
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「自由之家」是一個在全球致力於推廣自由的獨立私人機構
自由惟有在民主的政治體制下才得以實現，這個體制的特點是，政府須對其人民負責、法治觀念普及，且言論、集會結社及信仰自由均獲得保障。自由之家和世界各地的勇者合作，在自由受到威脅的社會中致力於非暴力的公民倡議活動，並以「分析」、「倡議」及「行動」的獨特組合，扮演推動改變的催化劑。
分析嚴謹的研究方法使自由之家成為世界各國自由程度相關訊息的最主要來源。自1972年開始，自由之家每年出版《世界自由度》調查報告，公布世界各國政治權利及公民自由的狀況。此外，自由之家亦出版年度新聞自由調查報告、後共產主義世界變遷之分析，及其他出版品。
倡議自由之家鼓勵美國政府政策制定者、各國政府及國際組織推行促進人權及民主的政策。自由之家對於設立全球性的「民主社群」(Community of Democracies)扮演關鍵角色，並積極提倡改革聯合國人權理事會，同時也要求美國的「千禧挑戰」(Millennium Challenge Corporation)對於受援助國家的資格維持高標準。
行動為強化各國自身的改革力量，自由之家透過交流、補助及技術協助之方式，提供相關訓練與援助予各地的人權捍衛者、公民社會組織及媒體。
自由之家於1941年由艾蓮娜．羅斯福、溫德爾．威爾基及其他對和平及民主日益升高的威脅感到關切的美國人所設立，長久以來即是民主價值的活躍擁護者並堅定反對極左和極右的獨裁主義。自由之家理事會成員由來自各領域的跨黨派人士組成，包括企業及勞工領袖、前資深政府官員、學者及新聞記者，他們一致認為在國外推動民主與人權對美國的海外利益極具重要性。
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About Freedom in the World《世界自由度》簡介
Freedom in the World, Freedom House’s flagship publication, is the standard-setting comparative assessment of global political rights and civil liberties. Published annually since 1972, the survey ratings and narrative reports on 193 countries and 16 related and disputed territories are used by policymakers, the media, international corporations, civic activists, and human rights defenders to monitor trends in democracy and track improvements and setbacks in freedom worldwide. The Freedom in the World data and reports are available in their entirety on the Freedom House website.
關於《世界自由度》調查報告
「世界自由度」調查報告是自由之家最重要的出版品，它為全球的「政治權利」和「公民自由」指標之比較設立了標準的評量方法。自1972年來，每年出版的調查報告均針對全球193個國家和16個附屬領域和爭議性領土進行評比及撰寫相關說明，這份報告並且被政府決策者、媒體、國際企業、公民運動者及捍衛人權人士用來監督世界各地民主趨勢和自由的進展與挫敗。完整的「世界自由度」調查報告相關數據與資料可上「自由之家」網站查詢。
History
Freedom House’s first year-end reviews of freedom began in the 1950s as the Balance Sheet of Freedom. This modest report provided assessments of political trends and their implications for individual freedom. In 1972, Freedom House launched a new, more comprehensive annual study of freedom called The Comparative Study of Freedom. Raymond Gastil, a Harvard-trained specialist in regional studies from the University of Washington in Seattle, developed the survey’s methodology, which assigned political rights and civil liberties ratings to 151 countries and 45 territories and—based on these ratings—categorized them as Free, Partly Free, or Not Free. The findings appeared each year in Freedom House’s Freedom at Issue bimonthly journal (later titled Freedom Review). The survey first appeared in book form in 1978 under the title Freedom in the World and included short, explanatory narratives for each country and territory rated in the study, as well as a series of essays by leading scholars on related issues. Freedom in the World continued to be produced by Gastil until 1989, when a larger team of in-house survey analysts was established. In the mid-1990s, the expansion of Freedom in the World’s country and territory narratives demanded the hiring of outside analysts—a group of regional experts from the academic, media, and human rights communities. The survey has continued to grow in size and scope; the 2008 edition is the most exhaustive in Freedom in the World’s 36-year tenure.
歷史沿革
自由之家第一份年度自由度報告始於1950年代，稱為「自由度比較報告」(Balance Sheet of Freedom)，這份報告提供了對政治趨勢的評估及與個人自由度的關聯。1972年自由之家發表了一份新的而且更廣泛的年度自由度報告，稱為「自由度比較研究」(Comparative Study of Freedom)。哈佛大學畢業的區域研究專家，Raymond Gastil，在其任教的西雅圖華盛頓大學設計出此調查的方法，將151個國家和45個領土區域做「政治權利」和「公民自由」的評比，並且依照這些評比將這些國家和領土區分為自由、部分自由或不自由。這些調查結果每年在自由之家的雙月刊《Freedom at Issue》(後來改為Freedom Review)刊出。1978年這份報告首度以書籍形式出版，稱為「世界自由度」(Freedom in the World)，其中包括每個受評比國家及領土區域的簡短介紹，以及學者針對相關議題所撰寫之一系列評論。Gastil一直負責「世界自由度」的出版到1989年，之後自由之家內部的調查分析專家組成一個團隊負責此業務。在1990年代中期由於「世界自由度」調查的國家和領土區域增加，所以需要聘請外界的分析家協助，這些區域專家來自學術界、媒體及人權社團。這份報告的內容與廣度不斷增加，2009年版是「世界自由度」調查報告出版37年來最詳盡而完整的。
What does Freedom in the World measure?
The survey measures political rights and civil liberties, or the opportunity for individuals to act spontaneously in a variety of fields outside the control of the government and other centers of potential domination. As such, the survey is primarily concerned with freedom from restrictions or impositions on individuals' life pursuits.
While the survey considers restrictions on freedom imposed by governments, it does not measure government performance per se. Rather, it measures the wider state of freedom in a country or territory, reflecting both governmental and non-governmental constraints.
Similarly, the survey does not explicitly measure democracy or democratic performance. Rather, it measures rights and freedoms integral to democratic institutions.
「世界自由度」調查報告評量內容
這份調查評量政治權利和公民自由，亦即個人在政府及其他政治勢力控制以外之領域，所能自然支配自身行為的機會。因此這份調查主要關切個人生活追求免於受限的自由程度。
雖然這份調查關切政府對自由的限制，但並不針對政府本身的表現做評量。正確地說，它評量一個國家或領土區域廣泛的自由程度，同時反映政府和非政府間的壓迫。
相同地，這份調查明確地不針對民主或民主的表現做評量。它是針對構成民主體系不可或缺的權利與自由做評估。
Who determines the country and territory scores and ratings?
Scores and ratings for each country and territory are proposed by an analyst (who also writes the narratives that accompany the ratings). These analysts are country or regional experts from the academic, media, think-tank, and human rights communities. Approximately one-third of these analysts are Freedom House staff members, while another two-thirds are outside consultants.
The proposed scores and ratings are vetted thoroughly--both individually and on a comparative basis--in a series of six regional meetings: Asia-Pacific, Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Western Europe. The relevant analysts, two to three senior-level academic academic advisors with regional expertise, and the Freedom in the World editorial team attend each daylong meeting.
國家及領土區域分數及評比等級評量專家
每個國家和領土區域的分數和評比等級先由一位分析家計算出來，該分析家也負責撰寫該國評比等級之相關說明。這些分析家來自學術界、媒體、智庫及人權社團，都專精某國事務或是該區域的專家。大約三分之一的分析家任職於自由之家，其餘三分之二為外部顧問。
這些計算出來的分數和評比等級透過「亞太區」、「中東歐及前蘇聯區」、「拉丁美洲及加勒比海區」、「中東及北非區」、「撒哈拉沙漠以南非洲區」及「西歐區」等一系列六個區域會議，以個別和互相比較的方式嚴密審核。相關的分析家、二至三位專精各區域事務的資深學界顧問及「世界自由度」調查報告編輯團隊均會參加每個區域會議進行討論。
How does Freedom in the World measure freedom?
The survey measures freedom according to two broad categories that are derived from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: political rights and civil liberties.
Each country and territory covered in the survey is assigned two numerical ratings-- one for political rights and one for civil liberties--on a scale of 1 to7; a rating of 1 indicates the highest degree of freedom and 7 the least amount of freedom. While these scales are logically distinct, in practice they are closely related: when one rating is low, the other tends to be as well, and vice versa.
These political rights and civil liberties ratings are combined and averaged to determine an overall "freedom status" for each country and territory. Countries and territories with a combined average rating of 1.0 to 2.5 are considered "Free"; 3.0 to 5.0, "Partly Free"; and 5.5 to 7.0 "Not Free".
「世界自由度」調查報告評量自由的方式
這份調查是依據「世界人權宣言」兩大指標，「政治權利」和「公民自由」來評量自由度。
每個受調查國家及領土區域在「政治權利」及「公民自由」均分別獲得評比等級，範圍從1到7。1代表自由度最高，7代表自由度最低。雖然理論上兩項數據是有區別的，但實際上卻緊密相關，當其中一項評比等級較低，另一項評比等級也同樣偏低，反之亦然。
每個國家及領土區域的「政治權利」及「公民自由」評比等級總平均可決定其自由程度。總平均1.0到2.5視為「自由」，3.0到5.0視為「部分自由」，5.5到7.0視為「不自由」。
How does Freedom in the World determine the political rights and civil liberties ratings?
The ratings are determined by a checklist of 25 questions, 10 addressing political rights and 15 addressing civil liberties. Each country or territory is awarded a raw score for each of the questions on a 0 to 4 scale, where 0 points represents the smallest degree and 4 points the greatest degree of rights or liberties present.
The 10 political rights questions (a total of 40 points) are grouped into three sub-categories:
- Electoral Process: 3 questions (a total of 12 points)
- Political Pluralism and Participation: 4 questions (16 points)
- Functioning of Government: 3 questions (12 points)
The 15 civil liberties questions (60 points) are grouped into four sub-categories:
- Freedom of Expression and Belief: 4 questions (16 points)
- Associational and Organizational Rights: 3 questions (12 points)
- Rule of Law: 4 questions (16 points)
Personal Autonomy and Individual Rights: 4 questions (16 points)
The sum of each country and territory's sub-category scores for political rights translates to a rating on the aforementioned 1 to 7 scale; the same process is used to determine the civil liberties rating.
「世界自由度」調查報告決定「政治權利」和「公民自由」評比等級的方式
評比等級由25個指標問題決定，其中10個屬於「政治權利」的指標問題，15個屬於「公民自由」的指標問題。針對每個國家或領土區域，每項指標問題評分從0分到4分，0分代表權利或自由最低，4分代表權利或自由最高。
10個「政治權利」指標問題(總分最高40分)分為三類：
1. 選舉過程：3個指標問題(總分最高12分)
2. 政治多元化和參與：4個指標問題(總分最高16分)
3. 政府的運作：3個指標問題(總分最高12分)
15個「公民自由」指標問題(總分最高60分)分為四類：
1. 言論及信仰自由：4個指標問題(總分最高16分)
2. 集會和結社權利：3個指標問題(總分最高12分)
3. 法治：4個指標問題(總分最高16分)
4. 個人自治及個人權利：4個指標問題(總分最高16分)
依每個國家及領土區域在「政治權利」指標問題所得總分可分為1到7個等級；「公民自由」的評比方式也相同。
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